Skin Care Essays - Cosmetics, Eye Shadow, Lipstick, Human Skin Color

Healthy skin All through the late 1800's and until the present, beautifying agents and healthy skin have been significant in the lives of ladies in America. Certain patterns have gone back and forth, similarly as some have remained. In the previous 100 a long time, the jobs and lives of ladies have changed radically, however their beauty care products have consistently been near. Enchant books alongside bit by bit manuals give us today an investigate the past. Promotions are likewise a extraordinary wellspring of history. Utilizing these methods, focal subjects in makeup can be resolved, just. All through the previous century, satisfying your man, looking characteristic, and being a refined, contemporary lady with a new youthful look, have been critical to the restorative organizations and to their female purchasers. In the late 1800's, makeup were being delivered and offered to school matured ladies and more seasoned. Be that as it may, a huge bad faith was happening. Ladies were being informed that it was important to wear beauty care products, in any case, it was vain to wear observable make-up. It was cited from St. Paul's Magazine that, If a young lady has the preliminary of an appearance so awful that seeing it gives one a turn, it is essentially an obligation for her either not to go into society by any stretch of the imagination, or, on the off chance that she does, to cover it?you reserve no option to cause your mishaps on everyone it is an unforgivable offense against great taste (Williams 113). The ladies of this time were being barraged with blended messages. Their issues with this false reverence were settled to just wearing a light powder and rouge. Hues worn were generally corals and peaches in light of the fact that more splendid hues would not give the fitting picture that the lady was attempting to pass on. Their objective was to pass on a characteristic gleam that sound ladies had. There were the years at the point when ladies were slapping their cheeks and gnawing their lips to draw 'normal' shading to their face. It was likewise cited that, Each school young lady's room ought to be fitted with a mirror, so that in any event, when inundated in her examinations the youngster ought not be careless of her appearance (Williams 113). Indeed 100 years back, ladies were being compelled to know about their appearance consistently. The mid 1900's achieved a slight change in ladies' beauty care products. Lipsticks were the standard furthermore, mascara and eyeshadow were underscored as fundamental for eveningwear. This occurred after the First World War. Likewise, in the 1920's, class lines were being broken. The flappers came out smoking cigarettes, trimming their hair, and wearing beauty care products that didn't fit their facial make-up (Williams 134). Numerous other ladies followed portions of these patterns and it was not, at this point conceivable to tell a lady's social situation from her appearance. On the other hand in the 1930's, ladies returned to increasingly characteristic and gentler tints. Ladies were being informed that the more established they were, the more make-up they were utilizing would assist them with putting their best self forward (Williams 147). The objective right now was to keep your man speculating if your appearance was normal or not. Depilatories were utilized to expel undesirable hair growing from the face and dyes were utilized to blur maturing spots. Here, satisfying your man and returning to youth assume a significant job in the beautifying agents being utilized by ladies. In the 1950's, enchant and the quintessence of being an 'impeccable little lady' were significant. Internal excellence was viewed as one's appeal, where external magnificence was their visa to the world (McLeod 37). Venture by- step beguile books gave ladies the directions to be pretty and famous. Always remember, impeccable make-up is date snare (McLeod 52). Home healthy skin cures were utilized just as following a severe day by day routine, counting diet, hair care, and housework. Following a routine was viewed as bravo wellbeing (McLeod 41). On into the 1960's, healthy skin was a major issue. Notwithstanding, numerous misinterpretations were going near. Ladies were informed that slick skin came about because of their inappropriate mental demeanor and ill-advised breathing, similarly as dry skin was brought about by helpless capacity of the ace organ (Jones 8). In the 1960's, the craft of disguise was important to consummate one's facial highlights and give a characteristic look (Jones 32). Since healthy skin was such a major issue, deciding one's skin tone was an absolute necessity. Ladies were told to go to a window with brilliant light to decide whether they had pink, cream, or olive connotations. In any case, in the event that they were pale and had come to no end, they were Healthy skin Essays - Cosmetics, Eye Shadow, Lipstick, Human Skin Color Healthy skin All through the late 1800's and until the present, beautifying agents and healthy skin have been significant in the lives of ladies in America. Certain patterns have traveled every which way, similarly as some have remained. In the previous 100 a long time, the jobs and lives of ladies have changed definitely, yet their beauty care products have consistently been near. Beguile books alongside bit by bit manuals give us today an investigate the past. Commercials are additionally a extraordinary wellspring of history. Utilizing these methods, focal subjects in beauty care products can be resolved, just. All through the previous century, satisfying your man, looking normal, and being an advanced, contemporary lady with a new youthful look, have been critical to the corrective organizations and to their female purchasers. In the late 1800's, beautifiers were being created and offered to school matured ladies and more established. Be that as it may, a huge deception was happening. Ladies were being informed that it was important to wear makeup, in any case, it was vain to wear observable make-up. It was cited from St. Paul's Magazine that, If a young lady has the preliminary of an appearance so terrible that seeing it gives one a turn, it is basically an obligation for her either not to go into society by any stretch of the imagination, or, in the event that she does, to cover it?you reserve no option to dispense your incidents on everyone it is an unforgivable offense against great taste (Williams 113). The ladies of this time were being barraged with blended messages. Their issues with this false reverence were settled to just wearing a light powder and rouge. Hues worn were typically corals and peaches on the grounds that more brilliant hues would not give the suitable picture that the lady was attempting to pass on. Their objective was to pass on a characteristic shine that sound ladies had. There were the years at the point when ladies were slapping their cheeks and gnawing their lips to draw 'normal' shading to their face. It was likewise cited that, Each school young lady's room ought to be fitted with a mirror, so that in any event, when submerged in her examinations the youngster ought not be careless of her appearance (Williams 113). Indeed 100 years back, ladies were being compelled to know about their appearance consistently. The mid 1900's realized a slight change in ladies' beautifying agents. Lipsticks were the standard furthermore, mascara and eyeshadow were stressed as important for eveningwear. This came to fruition after the First World War. Likewise, in the 1920's, class lines were being broken. The flappers came out smoking cigarettes, trimming their hair, and wearing beauty care products that didn't blend their facial make-up (Williams 134). Numerous other ladies followed portions of these patterns and it was not, at this point conceivable to tell a lady's social situation from her appearance. On the other hand in the 1930's, ladies returned to increasingly characteristic and milder shades. Ladies were being informed that the more established they were, the more make-up they were utilizing would assist them with putting their best self forward (Williams 147). The objective right now was to keep your man speculating if your appearance was characteristic or not. Depilatories were utilized to expel undesirable hair growing from the face and dyes were utilized to blur maturing spots. Here, satisfying your man and returning to youth assume a significant job in the beautifiers being utilized by ladies. In the 1950's, enchant and the pith of being a 'flawless little lady' were significant. Internal excellence was viewed as one's appeal, where external magnificence was their identification to the world (McLeod 37). Venture by- step beguile books gave ladies the guidelines to be pretty and well known. Always remember, flawless make-up is date snare (McLeod 52). Home healthy skin cures were utilized just as following a severe day by day routine, counting diet, hair care, and housework. Following a routine was viewed as bravo wellbeing (McLeod 41). On into the 1960's, healthy skin was a major issue. In any case, numerous confusions were going near. Ladies were informed that sleek skin came about because of their ill-advised mental disposition and ill-advised breathing, similarly as dry skin was brought about by helpless capacity of the ace organ (Jones 8). In the 1960's, the specialty of cover was important to consummate one's facial highlights and give a characteristic look (Jones 32). Since healthy skin was such a major issue, deciding one's skin tone was an absolute necessity. Ladies were told to go to a window with brilliant light to decide whether they had pink, cream, or olive suggestions. In any case, on the off chance that they were pale and had come to no end, they were

Light Waves Essays - Electromagnetic Spectrum,

Light Waves In this universe there are numerous thing that we can't clarify. Among these numerous things is light. Light, supposedly, come in various frequencies and the size of the frequency figure out what sort of light it is. The center frequency lights are what gives us the seven fundamental shades of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. Alongside these obvious lights there are the lights that can't be seen by the natural eye. These undetectable lights can be gathered into two different gatherings the long waves and short waves. The primary gathering of waves is the more drawn out frequency of light including infrared and radio waves. Radio waves, the longest frequencies, interchange and can be unpredictable. Arthur C. Clarke said in the article The Light of Common Day that since radio waves change so much no creature has ever had the option to detect them. He proceeds to state that in the event that you had an eye sufficiently large to see radio waves your eyes would be a huge number of times bigger than an ordinary eye. The following longest wave is the infrared light waves. Infrared light is utilized these days to find in the night. Unique goggles are intended to get infrared light creation it conceivable to see around evening time. The following gathering of light waves are the shorter rushes of bright and x-beams. Bright light, now and then alluded to as UV, is directly close to violet and is simply past sight. UV light is the thing that causes burns from the sun and can be exceptionally excruciating. In Arthur C. Clarks article it expresses that despite the fact that UV light isn't noticeable the retina of the natural eye responds intensely to it. He contrast the natural eye with a camera and says that a decent camera need may kinds of focal points made out of various sorts of glass to take a decent picture. The natural eye has just a single focal point and can't conceivable see UV light. The last sort of light is the x-beam. The x-beam is the littlest wave and is utilized in the clinical field incredibly to take pictures through substance of bones. Despite the fact that x-beams are extremely valuable they can be risky. They have been know to disturb radio waves and can harm a human body to the point of death . In rundown, the imperceptible lights can be separated into enormous frequency and short frequency gatherings. The huge frequency bunch comprises of radio waves and infrared light. Radio waves are now and then unstable and infrared light is use to see around evening time in addition to other things. The other arrangement of imperceptible light, the short frequency, incorporate bright light and x-beams. Bright light isn't noticeable however influences the retina in the natural eye. X-beams are useful in medical clinics however are deadly in huge amounts.

Parenting and Support Needs of a Multi-Risk Family Case Study

Child rearing and Support Needs of a Multi-Risk Family - Case Study Example There are a few reasons that the Angela Greer family would demand for administrations and referral. In any case, the mother required referrals to empower her to swear off consuming medications since she was a medication fanatic. For example, when their subsequent kid, Monique was conceived, she tried positive for cocaine and there were hints of different sedatives in her body framework also. Angela required referral and advising to assist her with halting manhandling medications and take great consideration of the youngsters from the children’s father was as of now in jail carrying out fifteen-year punishment for weapons charges and medication dealing. There was a requirement for her to go without ingesting medications and spotlight on the most proficient method to deal with the kids since she was the just one to play this duty. Also, another purpose behind referral and solicitation for administration of this family was to guarantee that the kids have an entrance to training a nd great consideration. This is on the grounds that the two youngsters were put under the consideration of their grandma Loretta while Angela was under treatment and guiding. The grandma lives under fixed salary that is lacking to deal with the youngsters just as paying school expenses for Shantae. The grandma, Loretta is additionally old and experiences joint inflammation and hypertension and this makes her unfit to take the youngsters to class from time to time. Mentioning for administration has exceptionally helped the youngsters to proceed with their training just as cooking for school charges the two guardians can't pay for the expenses.

Write a Paper For Me Online

<h1>Write a Paper For Me Online</h1><p>Do you have a helpless memory or do you experience difficulty recalling names or areas? In the event that you do, at that point you can take care of your concern by composing a paper for me online.</p><p></p><p>The first thing to recollect is this is a difficult that can be unraveled with trouble. I composed a paper for you online with trouble since I began with nothing and had the option to develop my brain with the arrangements. It may take you a short time to find this. A few people who are new to online PC based learning do more terrible than you.</p><p></p><p>The next thing to recollect is that what you recall isn't the main thing that is significant. You can discover and learn numerous things. Recall that exploration is consistently one of the most significant activities when beginning a web based course. There are two fundamental things that will assist you with recollectin g the data that you get on the web, book recordings and quizzes.</p><p></p><p>If you will tune in to the book recordings then you will discover numerous things that will be valuable to you when you get familiar with the material. The book recordings will assist you with recalling that the universe of fund has a ton to state about recent developments and a lot more events.</p><p></p><p>You ought to likewise be comfortable with the FAQ area of the site. In the event that you don't have the foggiest idea what the FAQ is, at that point you ought to comprehend what it is about. At the point when you read it in the FAQ area, it resembles having your own educator come to you and assist you with comprehension the material.</p><p></p><p>This is the place you will discover the tests. The tests will assist you with making sense of how to take care of an issue that you are having with the quiz.</p><p></p>& lt;p>Once you have all the data that you need on the web, you would then be able to compose a paper for me on the web. At that point, when you get the paper back to you, you can peruse it cautiously and afterward begin filling in the data from the meeting that you did. You can likewise record your considerations and sentiments that you have toward the day's end or the finish of the week.</p>

Essay Writing - Things to Consider Before Using Essay Writing Service

<h1>Essay Writing - Things to Consider Before Using Essay Writing Service</h1><p>There are numerous advantages that you can get when you compose exposition practice on the web. The most significant advantage is that you will have a superior possibility of getting acknowledged for the composing course that you wish to apply for, and this is regularly imperative to individuals who might not have the best English skills.</p><p></p><p>You ought to likewise realize that you can discover a great deal of papers that have just been composed and can be altered so as to make them increasingly reasonable for you, or for others such as yourself who are new to the online article composing administration. This is the motivation behind why you can discover a great deal of expositions that as of now contain all the things that you need to incorporate. This is useful in the event that you have to improve your exposition composing abilities, as you will have t he option to discover a paper that you can extraordinarily profit from.</p><p></p><p>Besides this, you will likewise have the option to analyze some various papers that you can discover on the web and see which one can be a solid match for you. On the off chance that you are not keen on composing an exposition yourself, it is astute to take some assist with composing a paper. Nonetheless, most understudies don't have the opportunity or persistence to chip away at their own exposition, but instead need to discover somebody who can help them in doing so.</p><p></p><p>As you know, there are different advantages when you use composing practice papers on the web. In any case, there are additionally a few hindrances that you should keep away from when you are utilizing this online device. The primary inconvenience that you should keep an eye out for is that you won't be since time is running short to take a shot at your essay.</p><p ></p><p>When you present your article on the web, you may just have one hour in which to do as such. This implies you will be allowed around twenty minutes to compose your article and answer the inquiries that will be introduced to you. On the off chance that you would prefer not to invest that much energy recorded as a hard copy your exposition, you might need to consider searching for another online article composing service.</p><p></p><p>You ought to likewise remember that this technique isn't as viable as composing your paper without anyone else. At the point when you decide to compose your paper without anyone else, you will be given more opportunity to compose the exposition and read different papers to assist you with showing signs of improvement comprehension of what you are composing. Beside this, you will likewise be given more opportunity to clean your exposition before you send it off to the paper composing administration, or to any other person for that matter.</p><p></p><p>Another thing that you ought to recollect when you are utilizing article composing administrations is that there will be a lapse date on your article. In this way, you ought to guarantee that you compose your exposition a long time before this date is done, else you may not be permitted to utilize the article any longer.</p><p></p><p>Therefore, you ought to consider utilizing paper composing administration on composing exposition practice on the web in the event that you need to improve comprehension of the article composing process. These article composing administrations offer you the chance to get the best an incentive for the cash that you will spend, and they can give you a decent base recorded as a hard copy essays.</p>

Investigation Essay Topics

<h1>Investigation Essay Topics</h1><p>If you have the tendency and aptitudes, you can utilize your decision of a mix of analytical strategies to compose an article that is the most fitting for your theme. Utilizing them related to the essentials of exploration can without much of a stretch assistance you to compose a fantastic essay.</p><p></p><p>One significant part of analytical composing is to keep all data on your point applicable. As it were, any data or realities that are applicable to your theme must be provided in your exposition. In spite of the fact that it is significant that the expositions are clear and succinct, it is additionally significant that they are factual.</p><p></p><p>Using analytical methods, it is conceivable to concoct a lot of data applicable to your point. The agent has the chance to center his/her vitality on the most pertinent subtleties and realities. It is essential to put accentuation on the most exact, latest, and important data. Analytical procedures, for example, review and perception assume a significant job in this endeavor.</p><p></p><p>In the presentation segment of your article, you should give adequate insights concerning what your identity is and why you are composing. This will permit the peruser to get a thought of the kind of data that will be found in your paper. Try not to attempt to present data that is excessively close to home, particularly when the data gave has been distributed in print or elsewhere.</p><p></p><p>The acquaintance can be utilized with talk about the particular outcomes that will be found if the inquiries you pose are tended to. A few people like to investigate all alone and might not have the opportunity accessible to dedicate to explore. You ought to be eager to counsel experts to assist you with investigating for your topic.</p><p></p><p>If you are compos ing an article regarding a matter which is famous or notable, you may need to discover the data you have to compose your paper. On the off chance that you wind up in a position where you don't have the opportunity to explore, search for confided in sources, including other people.</p><p></p><p>If you are somewhat uncertain about how to approach investigating for your article, you can look for the help of a school consultant or instructor. They can help you in building up a diagram for your point. The counsel they give you can extraordinarily help you in sorting out your essay.</p>

Using a Custom Writing Plagiarism Checker Online

<h1>Using a Custom Writing Plagiarism Checker Online</h1><p>There are various reasons why you should utilize a custom composing unoriginality checker on the web. For a certain something, it will be simpler for you to find on the off chance that you have composed something that was really appropriated or not. Obviously, you would prefer not to burn through your time and vitality in searching for the appropriate response in light of the fact that there are a lot of others who can do it for you.</p><p></p><p>However, you can utilize a literary theft checker online by beginning with its fundamental prerequisites. You need to set your business up for this to work in support of you. You likewise need to build up your character in any case, so you should assemble a name and an organization name. You must have a site or some other kind of publicizing about your business so as to have the option to begin utilizing a counterfeiting checker online.</ p><p></p><p>Of course, you must be mindful so as to keep away from the danger of being found on the web. Remember that there are a lot of individuals out there who are in the matter of running various locales that give checkers on the web. This is another motivation behind why you have to set up your character. Set up a name and an organization name. Remember that on the off chance that you are not extremely acquainted with the Internet or the World Wide Web, at that point this may not be very as simple as it sounds.</p><p></p><p>Writing a story isn't the main thing that you can do with a custom composing literary theft checker on the web. As you definitely know, it is critical to keep the entirety of your licensed innovation forward-thinking. This is particularly evident with regards to making fresh out of the box new thoughts and ideas. Also, some of the time, in any event, when the ideas are now copyrighted, it doesn't imply that indiv iduals will never utilize them.</p><p></p><p>Most of the time, individuals will get thoughts for items or administrations from elsewhere. These thoughts will turn out to be a piece of the open space, implying that you don't reserve the privilege to bring in any cash off of them. You can, be that as it may, just add it to your inventive item and utilize the name for yourself.</p><p></p><p>Using a literary theft checker online for this object is simple. You should simply to enter an article or a blog or an article and glue it into the application. It will at that point decide whether there is anything dubious about it.</p><p></p><p>You will likewise be solicited to enter the connection from the site that you will use to publicize your thought. It will at that point permit you to perceive how frequently it has been plagiarized.</p><p></p><p>Once you get the quality outcomes that you want, yo u need to experience the procedure once more. In the event that it despite everything returns with dubious components, at that point you need to really expound and request more data. This is simply one more approach to keep your thought from falling into an inappropriate hands.</p>

The Left Bank Essay Topics - a Quick Introduction

<h1> The Left Bank Essay Topics - a Quick Introduction </h1> <h2> Things You Should Know About the Left Bank Essay Topics</h2> <p>Persuasive or factious expositions should persuade the crowd of ones perspective about a particular point. Along these lines, the decision of the subject is generally significant. All together that will assist you with narrowing down an appropriate subject and title for your natural article, we've examined a few strategies that you may utilize. Following are a couple of the exhorted human science exposition point for those understudies that can't pick an incredible subject for their task. </p> <p>You can peruse the paper to get the absolute direct data with respect to the world. Introducing The Research Paper Research papers must be introduced well to have the best effect. Thus, on the off chance that you think banking papers are exhausting simply like your organization considers are, at that point you're most like ly wrong here. An individual may arrange modified expositions and papers with filling in the basic structure on its site. </p> <h2> New Ideas Into the Left Bank Essay Topics Never Before Revealed </h2> <p>Innovate your own plans to make the article more enjoyment full and intense. Contentious article points spread a wide number of subjects, and can be very convincing if a prevalent paper speaks to them. A paper has three essential parts. Analysis with the exposition structure until you've composed something much like the example papers you read. </p> <h2> The Argument About the Left Bank Essay Topics</h2> <p>If you're composing a contentious exposition it's significant that you compose on a subject that you know about and you feel that it is conceivable to prevail upon the crowd with your contentions. On the off chance that you decide to break down your contentions in an alternate piece of your Psychology article, your contentions must be broke down in precisely the same grouping as you introduced them before. Basically, you will put your essential contentions here you will expand upon in the significant body of your paper. Regardless, you ought to likewise read various journalists contentions for and against precisely the same or comparative themes. </p> <h2> The Debate Over the Left Bank Essay Topics</h2> <p>The paper composing should be completed in a very much arranged and organized technique. An individual must understand that composing an exposition isn't a simple activity and considerable exertion's required to form oneself into an amazing paper author. There are 3 brilliant standards when you're composing the verifiable article. There are a few intriguing and testing Shakespeare paper subjects to pick from. </p> <p>Therefore, it is possible that you might want to become familiar with how to form a paper, or you want some exposition composing administrations or even in the event that you might want to experience some example papers, at that point simply allude to WritingBest and the entirety of your necessities will be satisfied once conceivable. The acquaintance should with be persuading and draw out the proposal that you will introduce in the paper. </p> <h2> What You Must Know About the Left Bank Essay Topics </h2> <p>The resulting paper composing tips accept that you're as of now considering the underlying areas of the test just as dealing with composing better papers. Present-day occasions are often the subject of pugnacious points for undergrads. The subject additionally should be the one which gives the understudies adequate to compose on. Picking awesome article themes for center school must be a cautious technique, where an equalization should be struck between subjects that could be excessively oversimplified, increasingly fit for the key school, and picking contentious paper points that can be excessively intricate or dubious. </p> <p>Writing contentious exposition is an entangled undertaking, as it requires the nearness of numerous aptitudes at precisely the same second. Among the subtleties to be thought of, verifying that the point sentence is anything but a straightforward truth, is the most basic. Composing contention paper might be a workmanship in the sense so it requires intensive comprehension of the subject, along with expertise. The careful answer shows your ability to flexibly an increasingly complete, mindful response. </p> <h2> The Pain of the Left Bank Essay Topics </h2> <p>Whatever the sort of exposition is, they should edit it over and over so as to guarantee there aren't any hints of missteps left. As there's a set up structure for five section articles one is to begin with pr esentation. You should be agreed once you express the contention subject. Harsh speech and vigorous proof are relied upon to cause the perusers to concur on what's being said by the author in the entire article. </p> <h2> The Battle Over the Left Bank Essay Topics and How to Win It</h2> <p>The principle motivation behind innovative progression should be to build individuals' effectiveness so they have more recreation time. The point here is to comprehend what you will compose before composing it. Then again it's a speedy portrayal and spreads the critical focuses. At the point when you have the subject in your grasp you should start with inquiring about the theme and gathering material which will help you in supporting your perspective. </p> <p>Provided that the organizations don't damage any current laws the administration should meddle. For example, banks play significant capacity in the economy. The fact of the matter is that organizations that have come to be too large have come to be so implanted in the economy. Since it's so huge various organizations likewise rely upon them. </p> <h2> the Left Bank Essay Topics Explained</h2> <p>The third and fourth passage should give the earnestness of the issue and the repercussions if the issue isn't comprehended. Attempt to recollect the style of the inquiry you're noting and don't start acquainting new points only with cushion out your answer. Make certain to illuminate the manner in which the responses to the inquiries would assist with surveying the end. Compose a reaction wherein you talk about what questions would need to persuade offered an explanation to have the option to pick whether the proposal will most likely have the anticipated result. </p>

Sample Essay Topics - A Great Start to Writing Your Own High School Senior Essay

Sample Essay Topics - A Great Start to Writing Your Own High School Senior EssayThere are some great sample essay topics that you can use to start writing your own high school senior essay. These topics are often referred to as sample essays because they offer you a lot of ideas and examples about how to write a school essay.Some high school students have different needs when it comes to writing essays. Some have specific learning disabilities such as dyslexia or autism, while others have issues with writing. Many times these students need extra assistance and may be able to benefit from the extra help in the form of a sample essay topic.There are many websites online that offer samples of sample essay topics. You can look through the available topic areas and select a few that interest you. Use these sample essays as a guide so that you will know what to talk about. The next step is to write your own article and then turn it into a real essay.Do not try to just copy someone else's w ork and then create an essay out of it. Your essay should contain your own unique and original ideas. Sometimes you need a little extra help when it comes to writing an essay so it is worth the small cost of using a sample essay topic.When you get through writing the actual essay it will be easier for you. You can make changes and re-write your essay to make it even better. You will also have better results when you are using the sample essay topic as a guide because you already know how to write your own article.It is up to you to find a place online where you can post your essay. There are many opportunities on many different websites. You can also post your essay in the forum that is available to you.It is important to remember that these sample essay topics are all about the purpose of the essay. Most of them are written by high school students that want to get some practice on how to write an essay for their teacher. As a student it is your job to take the sample essay topic an d figure out how to make it your own unique, original essay.These sample essay topics are perfect for you to get some ideas on how to write an essay for your teacher. They will give you an idea of what it is like to be a student at school and what different topics are appropriate for your class. The topics are also written for high school students and some will be appropriate for college students.

Data Chirp Internet - Free Essay Example

Development of a Data Chirp Measurement Method Information and Communication Technology (ICT) In measuring data link quality for downloading and browsing services the final perceived quality by the user is determined by the session time. Measuring session times is time consuming because for each context, e.g. a small file download, a large file download or a browse session over a number of small Internet pages, one has to measure these times. Therefore data links are mostly characterized in terms of key performance indicators (kpis) like bandwidth, loss, delay etc, from which one tries to derive the session times. However the relations between these kpis and the session times are not clear and also measuring these kpis is very difficult. This report presents a method that characterizes a data link by a so-called delay finger print from which the session times can be predicted. The fingerprint is derived from a concatenated lumped UDP packet transfer (packets send immediately after each other) followed by a UDP stream of which the sending speed is increased continuously using a single packet transfer. This chirping approach causes self induced congestion and allows fingerprinting with only minimal loading of the system under test. In this contribution live networks as well as an internet simulator are used to create data links over a wide variety of conditions where both the data chirp fingerprint as well as the download/session times are measured. From the fingerprint a number of link indicators are derived that characterize the link in terms of kpis such as ping time, loaded bandwidth (congested), unloaded bandwidth (not congested), random packet loss etc. The fingerprint measurements allow predicting the service download/session times for small downloads and fast browsing with a correlation of around 0.92 for the simulated links. For large file downloads and large browse sessions no acceptable prediction model could be constructed. Introduction Multimedia applications are playing an important role in recent years in everyday life. On the Internet, apart from the widely used Hypertext Transfer protocol (HTTP), many Real Time applications are contributing significantly to the overall traffic load of the network. The state-of-the-art Information and Communication Technology (ICT) concepts enable deployment of various service and applications in various arenas like home entertainment, offices, operations, banking etc. The backbone of all these distributed services is the core network which facilitates data communication. The quality of the available network connections will often have a large impact on the performance of distributed applications. For example, response time of the requested document using World Wide Web crucially depends on network congestion. In general if we want to quantify the quality of a data link from the user point of view we can use two approaches: 1) A glass box approach in which we know all the system parameters for the network (maximum throughput, loss, delay, buffering) and the application (TCP stack parameters) and then use a model to predict download / session times and UDP throughput. 2) A black box approach where we characterize the system under test with a test signal and derive a set of black box indicators from the output. From these link indicators the download / session times, or other relevant kpis are predicted. The first approach is taken in draft recommendation [1]. This report investigates the second approach. In most of the black box approaches estimation is made of the available bandwidth which is an important indicator for predicting the download and session times. Several approaches exist that allow for bandwidth estimation but bandwidth is not the only important link parameter. For small browsing sessions end-to-end delay and round trip time are also key indicators that determine the session time and thus the perceived quality. A good black box measurement method should not quantify kpis but should be able to predict download and session times for download and browse services that run over the link. Data Links In telecommunication a data link is used to connect one location to another for the purpose of transmitting and receiving the data. It can also be an assemble, consisting of parts of two data terminal equipments (DTEs) and the interconnecting data circuit that is controlled by a link protocol enabling data to be transferred from a data source to a data sink. Two systems can communicate with each other using an intermediate data link which connects both of them. The data link can be made up of a huge number of elements that all contribute to the final perceived quality. In real world connections cross traffic will always have an impact on the download and session times making it difficult to use them in the development of a data link quality model. Therefore in this report most of the model development is carried out using simulated links. The setup was established at TNO-ICT Delft, The Netherlands. A Linux system was used with a network card that has two interfaces to emulate a particular network. Outline In this report chapter 2 describes the problem definition mentioning the tasks that are performed in the project. Chapter 3 explains various key performance indicators that quantify the data link performance. The measurement approach employed and principle behind the chirp is described in chapter 4. The experiment setup at TNO-ICT is described in the chapter 5. In chapter 6 kpis implementation is discussed. In chapter 7 mapping between chirp and service characteristics are discussed. Chapter 8 is conclusion. Some of the measurement results are discussed in Appendix A. The management of the project can be found out in the Appendix B. Problem Definition An operator has to know how to set the network parameters in order to deliver the most appropriate end-to-end quality, based on the network KPIs, the service characteristics and the characteristics of the end user equipment. A fast, efficient method for assessing the impact of a network setting on the final perceived download and session times is thus of vital importance. Plain optimization of KPIs is not necessarily the best strategy because the final perceived quality is determined by the download and session times. In the ideal case a method should be developed with which instantaneous insight can be created into the performance of all services that are carried via the link under consideration. Such a method can also be used to create applications which can take decisions on resource selection or reservation. For small downloads and fast browsing the ping time of the data link will be the dominating factor. For large downloads the available bandwidth will be the dominating factor. The TCP stack parameters also have a significant impact on these times as they determine the slow start behavior. For intermediate file sizes the available band width, the un-congested bandwidth will be important most probably in combination with other kpis like packet loss, buffer size, and possible bearer switching mechanisms (UMTS). This report presents a method that characterizes a data link by a so called delay finger print from which a set of kpis is derived. These kpis are then used to predict the service quality in terms of download/session times. The basic idea, taken in a modified way from [3], is to characterize the data link by sending a limited set of UDP packets over the line in such a way that the delay behavior of these packets allow to characterize the link in as many aspects as possible. Two types of characterization are used, the first one uses a lumped set of packets that are send over the line immediately after each other form which the smearing of a single packet can be estimated. This estimation is closely related to the un-congested bandwidth of the link. The second one uses a train of UDP packets that are separated by an ever decreasing time interval, resulting in a so called data chirp from which the available bandwidth can be estimated. Key Performance Indicators In this project we will focus on the estimation of some kpis from which the quality of a data link can be determined. We will see various data link performance indicators that are dominant in their impact on the end to end session time. Ping Time Ping Time or Round-Trip Time (RTT) is the amount of time that it takes for a packet to go from one computer to another and for the acknowledgment to be returned. In the case of links that span across long distances, the RTT is relatively large, which directly affects the browse and download times. Available Bandwidth Available bandwidth (AB) is the approximate transfer rate that an application can get from a connection in presence of cross traffic load. Measuring the available bandwidth, is of great importance for predicting the end-to-end performance of applications, for dynamic path selection and traffic engineering, and for selecting between numbers of differentiated classes of service [4]. The end-to-end available bandwidth between client and server is determined by the link with minimum unused capacity (referred as tight link). In Figure 3.1 the end-to-end available bandwidth is determined by the minimum unused capacity, indicates is A. Figure 3.1 The available bandwidth determined by tight link unused capacity. Several applications need to know the bandwidth characteristics of the underlying network paths. This is similar to the situation where some peer-to-peer applications need to consider available bandwidth before allowing candidate peers to join the network. Overlay networks can configure their routing table based on the available bandwidth of the overlay links. Network providers lease links to customers and the charge is usually based on the available bandwidth that is provided. Available bandwidth is also a key concept in congestion avoidance algorithms and intelligent routing systems. Techniques for estimating available bandwidth fall into two broad categories: passive and active measurement. Passive measurement is performed by observing existing traffic without perturbing the network. It processes the load on the link and requires access to all intermediary nodes in the network path to extract end to-end information [6]. Active measurement on the other hand, directly probes network proprieties by generating the traffic needed to make the measurement. Despite the fact that active techniques inject additional traffic on the network path; it is more suitable to use active probing measurement in order to measure end-to-end available bandwidth. In communication networks, high available bandwidth is useful because it supports high volume data transfers, short latencies and high rates of successfully established connections. Obtaining an accurate measurement of this metric can be crucial to effective deployment of QoS services in a network and can greatly enhance different network applications and technologies. Un-congested Bandwidth The term un-congested bandwidth (UB) refers to the maximum transfer rate available for a particular connection in absence of other traffic (clean link). For a connection it is hard to achieve transfer rate equal to UB because of various facts like random packet loss, TCP slow start mechanism. The UB is limited by the bottleneck link capacity. The un-congested bandwidthof a link is determined by the link with the minimum capacity (termed as bottleneck link). In Figure 3.2, the un-congested bandwidth of the link between the client and server is C = C1, where C1, C2, C3 are the capacities of the individual link and C1 C3 C2. Figure 3.2 The un-congested bandwidth determined by bottleneck link capacity. Packet Loss Packet loss can be caused by a number of factors, including signal degradation over the network medium, oversaturated network links, corrupted packets rejected in-transit, faulty networking hardware, or normal routing routines. The available bandwidth decreases with increasing packet loss. In this project we will be observing two type of packet losses, i.e., random packet loss and congestion packet loss. These two types of losses are discussed in next chapter. In the next chapter we go into the details of how to measure these kpis. Key Performance Indicator Measurement Approach In this chapter we will discuss how the key performance indicators as described in chapter 3 will be measured. Ping Time Ping is a computer network tool used to test whether a particular host is reachable across an IP network. It works by sending ICMP echo request packets to the target host and listening for ICMP echo response replies. Ping estimates the round-trip time, generally in milliseconds, and records any packet loss, and prints a statistical summary when finished. The standard ping tool in Windows XP was used to determine the ping time. Available Bandwidth Estimation using a UDP Chirp The data chirp method is a method to characterize the end-to-end quality of a data link in terms of a delay fingerprint. Using the data chirp method, a train of UDP packets is sent over the data link with an exponentially decreasing time interval between the subsequent packets. Such a train of packets is referred to as a data chirp. From the delay pattern at the receiving side one can determine characteristic features of the data link such as bandwidth, packet loss, congestion behavior, etc. From the characteristic features one can then try to estimate the service quality of different services that run over the data link. In the classical data chirp [3] the time interval between two consecutive packets m and packet m+1, Tm is given by: Tm = T0 m, 0 1, where T0 is the time interval between the first two packets. The factor (1) determines how fast the interval between subsequent packets in the data chirp decreases. As a result of this decrease, the instantaneous data rate during the data chirp increases. The instantaneous data rate at packet m, Rm, is given by: Rm = P / Tm[bytes/sec] where P is the size of a UDP packet in the chirp. A data chirp is illustrated in [3] and shown in Figure 4.1, consisting of individual packets sent over the link with reduced interval. Figure 4.1 Illustration of a data chirp. The delay of the UDP packets in the data chirp after traveling over the data link is determined relative to the delay of the first packet. The resulting delay pattern, where the relative delay per UDP packet is shown as a function of the packet number, is referred to as data chirp fingerprint. A typical data chirp finger print for a fixed bandwidth 64 kbps bit pipe without cross traffic is shown in Figure 4.2 Figure 4.2 Data chirp fingerprint for a fixed bandwidth bit pipe of 64 kbps. From such a data chirp fingerprint a number of parameters can be determined, including Available Bandwidth, Random packet Loss, Congested Packet Loss and Un-congested Bandwidth [5] In the chirp packets are send individually over the line but with a continuously decreasing sending time quantified by a factor (1) resulting in an inter sending time Tm for the mth packet. The combination of T and chirp size N determines the lower and upper bound of the throughput of the UDP stream. It is clear that at the start of the chirp packets should be send over the link with large enough time intervals in order to be able to characterize low bandwidth systems. Furthermore the inter-sending time should decrease to a value so low that the required bandwidth is higher than the maximum expected available bandwidth. Finally a small allows for a fast characterization of the link while a near 1 allows more accurate, but more time consuming, bandwidth estimations. After some initial experiments the values of the chirp were set to P = 1500 byte, T = 200 ms, = 0.99 and N = 400, resulting in a lower and upper input into the system of 64 and 5000 kbit/s respectively. This chirp provides a well balanced compromise between measurements. Figure 4.5 gives an overview of this approach. Figure 4.3 Data chirp, send to estimate AB, using the idea of self induced congestion with ever smaller inter sending times. This approach was first tested over the virtual tunnel interface running over the Linux machine. When this chirp was put over a clean link (i.e. over a tunnel with no cross traffic) the estimation of available bandwidth is a bit higher then the actual bandwidth set by the netem GUI. This is due to the buffers present in between which pass the chirp over the link with a higher speed. Due to this factor the estimation is about 20% higher then the actual link speed. The second problem faced in this scheme was that when we send the chirp over this link with a cross traffic the finger print we get from the chirp was not good enough to get a correct estimation. The reason behind this is that the chirp tries to push in through the TCP cross traffic and the time it is successful there is a high packet loss due to which we cant make proper estimation. So we send this chirp repeatedly (4 times) with inter sending time of 5 seconds. We can estimate the available bandwidth using: Rm = P / Tm, [bytes/sec] where P is the packet size and T is the average interval at that time. Un-congested Bandwidth In principle, un-congested bandwidth can be estimated from the smearing of a single packet. Even in the case that there is cross traffic on a data link and we would like to estimate the bandwidth for the clean situation we can use the smearing time. In a congested link a single packet is still smeared according to the un-congested bandwidth. However, obtaining the smearing time of a single packet is difficult to achieve with normal hardware equipment. Therefore packets are sent in pairs as close as possible (back-to-back) after each other. This allows to assess smearing time with normal hardware because we can now measure the receive time stamps of each packet and deduce the smearing form this. This method will only work for the situation where the chance that cross traffic will be sent over the data link between the packets is minimal. Figure 4.4 illustrates the packet pair smearing measurement method. P2 P1 Figure 4.4 The use of packet pairs for the determination of the un-congested bandwidth. Tr is the time when the first bit of packet starts to arrive. Tr is the time when last bit of the packet is received. Ts is the time when the first bit of packet is set on the link. As illustrated in Figure 4.4, the packets leaving the data link are smeared compared to the original packets, indicated as T. This T is determined from the time interval between the arrival of the first and second packet in the pair. From this smearing, the un-congested bandwidth UB can be estimated using: UB = P2 / T, [bytes/sec] where P2 is the size of the second packet, in bytes. To estimate the un-congested bandwidth we implemented the method which is described above, i.e., sending packet pairs over the link to estimate un-congested bandwidth. However, buffering can cause measurement problems; when data is stored and forwarded the link speeds preceding the buffer are no longer taken into account in the un-congested bandwidth estimation. This can for a major part be solved by using a lumped set of packets that vary between 1 and N concatenated packets. Packets in lumps can no longer be stored in the small buffers of the link. In the current proposed measurement method we start with a single packet and then concatenate packets till a lump of seven packets from which point the seven lumps is repeated. The reason for not using more packets in the lump was because of the underlying Windows mechanism that does not allow sending more then seven packets. If we increase it then from the first lump of more then seven random packet loss occurs. The lumps are sent using a chirp like approach as given in section 4.2. The length of this series is dependent on the experimental context and an optimal choice is somewhere between 20 and 50 lumped packets for links with a speed between 100 and 10,000 kbit/s. In the final chirp P is set to 1500 byte, the start interval is set to 200 ms with a = 0.97. With N=50 this choice is a compromise between a wide range of speeds that can be assessed, measurement time and measurement accuracy. In most cases these concatenated packets will be handled immediately after each other by all routers and from the so-called packet smearing times a data link characterization is made that has high correlation with the un-congested bandwidth of the link. This bandwidth estimation is always higher than the available bandwidth, since availability is influenced by possible cross traffic on the data link. Test results obtained for un-congested bandwidth are presented in chapter 7. Figure 4.5 provides an overview of extended chirp. Figure 4.5 Extended data chirp using the idea of measuring the smearing times of concatenated packets. By measuring receive time stamps the smearing of a packet can be measured when two or more concatenated packets are sent over the link. For this approach the Un-congested bandwidth can be determined by using: UB = P / T . [bytes/sec] In this lumped chirp version, P is the size of the lump and T is the time difference between the first and the last packet in the lump. Random Packet loss The Random Packet Loss is determined from the packets before the bending point. In theory before this point no packet loss should occur and by checking whether packets have been lost during the transmission of these first packets the random packet loss can be determined. Congested Packet loss At a specific point all buffers are filled to their maximum and then the delay per packet cannot increase anymore because of this buffering. This is the point where packets are being lost due to congestion on the link. This packet loss can be determined from the chirp fingerprint. Experimental Setup The setup was established at TNO-ICT Delft, The Netherlands. The Linux system with the network card which has two interfaces is used to emulate network. Figure 5.1 Experimental setup used for the simulations. Software Setup There exists a module called Netem in the Linux kernel which provides functionality for testing protocols by emulating the properties of wide area networks. The current Netem version emulates variable delay, loss, duplication and packet re-ordering. End users have no direct access to the Netem module and Netem can be accessed using traffic control (tc) command. User can directly using tc commands can direct Netem to change hardware interface settings. The GUI for the tc command is developed termed as Netem PHPGUI which can be accessed via web server. Client Application We have developed an application in Borland Delphi which runs on a Windows XP machine. This client application generates the chirp pattern. Standard TCP/IP stack is used which is present in Windows XP. There are different parameters which can be set through this application like, packet size, interval between the chirps etc. Server Application Application is developed which runs on a machine acting as a server. It also has the same TCP/IP stack which is in Windows XP. The server application dumps the chirp information into the files which are further used to post process and get the kpis out of the information received. A web server also runs on this machine to get the service characteristics for the FTP and browsing. Key Performance Indicator Measurement Implementation As discussed above lumped packet and a single packet data chirp are sent from client to the server. The first lumped chirp pattern sent is used to estimate the un-congested bandwidth of the link. Here instead of sending a single packet, a lump is formed by concatenating several packets and it is sent over the link. After a certain time gap (5 seconds) next chirp pattern consisting of a single packets (unlike first chirp) is sent which is used to get delay signature and the various parameters of the data link associated like available bandwidth, random packet loss, congestion packet loss. The experiments are carried on different link which are emulated using network emulator as mentioned in chapter 5. The sending time and receiving timestamps of each chirp packet is logged and post-processing is done in order to extract the various parameters which are mentioned below. Estimation of Un-congested bandwidth from packet smear times When a packet is sent on a data link it is smeared in time. Smear time is the time difference between the time at which the complete packet is received and epoch at which packet starts arriving. Figure 6.1 depicts the smear times of the packet received at the server side. Figure 6.1 Packet Smear Times. The smear time of the packets is logged into the file. Due to software limitations it is very hard to distinguish between the time packet starts arriving and time packet is completely arrived. Because of this, smearing time is computed from the receiving timestamps of the next and previous packets. It can happen that packets will be dropped which will lead to a wrong estimation of the smear time. Therefore if a packet drop is observed then the smearing time is not computed between two packets of which there exists a packet at transmission but not at the reception. It can also happen that multiple packets are dropped. If there is a packet loss inside a lump of packets, the smearing time is estimated from the maximum number of packets where not a single packet is dropped in between those packets. The logic behind this is depicted in the flowchart as shown in Figure 6.2. Figure 6.2 The un-congested bandwidth calculation from smear times. Estimation of available bandwidth from bending point of chirp signature The difference between the times at which the packet is received and the time at which the packet is sent is termed as delay. The packet sending timestamps is placed in the packet on the client side and received timestamp is estimated at the server side. As client and server both are not time synchronized the time synchronization is applied by subtracting the delay of first packet from all the delays. Such a delay is referred as differential delay. Figure 6.3 Chirp Finger print. Differential delay is used to generate the chirp signature by plotting the estimated differential delays against the packets received. As one can see from Figure 6.3, the differential delay suddenly increases (in this particular case, this happens around the 90th packet of the chirp train). This is the point where the link is completely occupied by the chirp packets and other cross traffic packets if present. At this point the rate at which chirp packets are sent represents the available bandwidth of the data link under consideration. Chirp Behavior versus Service Characteristics The measurement set up used an internet simulator to manipulate the packet loss, buffer size, bandwidth and delay of a single PC to PC network link. We have collected delay finger print data related to the chirp and the session time that quantify service quality. The following parameters were used for these experiments: Packet loss between 0 and 10% in the downlink. Buffer size in the downlink between 1 and 30 number packets. Bandwidth in the downlink between 64k and 1M bit/s. Delay in the up and downlink between 1 and 300 ms. From the large set of possible combinations a subset of conditions were chosen. In each condition six measurements were carried out: A HTTP browsing session time measurement using three files in the following time line: empty cache, start browse, 2 kByte download, 10 kByte download, 70 kByte download, end browse (browse small, medium, large, respectively) A HTTP download of a 4 kByte file (download small) A HTTP download of a 128 kByte file (download medium) A HTTP download of a 4000 kByte file (download large) A ping round trip time measurement A data chirp measurement using the pattern as described in chapter 4. A standard Windows XP TCP/IP stack was used and for some conditions the system showed bifurcation behavior. This can be expected since an acknowledge can be received just in time or just too late depending on infinite small changes in the system. In all cases where this behavior was found the minimum download/session time was used in the analysis. Experiments were performed under different data link scenarios by changing buffer sizes, packet loss, and delay, with and without competing cross traffic. Several chirp characteristics were used in order to fend the optimum settings. When a particular data link is considered for the experiment, above mentioned service characteristic parameters were measured (session times) and later on the data link with same conditions, a data chirp is sent and the data link key performance indicators were computed from the chirp signature. The experimental observations are discussed in Appendix A. The correlation between the link capacity and the un-congested bandwidth estimations were excellent, the correlation was 0.99 (see Figure 7.1). Figure 7.1 Un-congested bandwidth estimation. The correlations between the service characteristics (browsing/download times) and kpis estimated from chirp delay pattern showed lower correlations. The results show that the small browsing session times are dominated by the ping time and the un-congested bandwidth. Figure 7.2 and 7.3 show the relationship between the measured small browsing session times, the small FTP download times and the best two dimensional predictor that could be constructed from the ping time and the un-congested bandwidth. This predictor is the best kpi that can be constructed and shows a correlation of 0.92 for the small browsing data and 0.98 for the small download data. Figure 7.2 Small browsing session. Figure 7.3 Small FTP download. For medium and large browsing/downloading it was not possible to fit to any combination of kpis (up to three dimensions) that had a satisfactory correlation (0.9). The available bandwidth gives the highest correlation for these measurements, around 0.7. In the case of clean data links, the correlation between available bandwidth and the link capacity was found to be 0.93. In the case of one TCP cross traffic stream, the available bandwidth estimation did not show an acceptable correlation with the data link capacity. Conclusion In this project a black box measurement approach for assessing the perceived quality of data links is implemented. This quality is defined as the measured browsing and download session times. The measurement method uses the concept of a data chirp. In general a data chirp puts data on a link with ever increasing sending speed. The delay behavior of the packets is then used to characterize the link. The chirp is implemented in two different ways, the first one uses a set of lumped packets from which the un-congested bandwidth is estimated, the second uses a set of single packets from which the available bandwidth is estimated. Together with the ping time this allows a full characterization of the data link. From the data link characterization a prediction model for the session times is constructed. The model shows a correlation of 0.98 for the small download data set and of 0.92 for the browsing data set over a number of small pages. The model uses a two-dimensional regression fit derived from ping time and the un-congested bandwidth. For medium and large browsing/downloading it was not possible to fit to any combination of kpis (up to three dimensions) that had a satisfactory correlation (0.9). The available bandwidth gives the highest correlation for these measurements, around 0.7. Besides the session times the model also allows estimating the link capacity. The correlation between the real link capacity, as constructed with the network simulator and the chirp estimated un-congested bandwidth was 0.99. List of Acronyms ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line FTP File Transfer Protocol GSM Global System for Mobile communication GPRS General Packet Radio Service ITU International Telecommunications Union LAN Local Area Network PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network TCP Transmission Control protocol TNO Nederlandse Organisatie voor Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek (Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research) WIFI Wireless Fidelity UDP User Datagram Protocol UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System References [1] ITU-T E.800: Recommendation E.800 (08/94) Quality of service and dependability vocabulary. [2] M. Jain, C. Dovrolis, Pathload: a Measurement Tool for Available Bandwidth Estimation, Proc. PAM02, 2002. [3] V. J. Ribeiro, R. H. Riedi, R. G. Baraniuk, J. Navratil, L. Cottrell, pathChirp: Efficient Available Bandwidth Estimation for Network Paths, Paper 3824, Passive and Active Workshop, April 2003, La Jolla, California USA. [4] R.Prasad, M. .Murray, C. Dovrolis, K. Claffy Bandwidth Estimation: Metrics,Measurement Techniques, and Tools, IEEE Network, November-December 2003 issue. [5] TNO Report: Gap Analysis Circuit Switched Versus Packet Switched Voice and Video Telephony [6] ITU-T Rec. G.1030, Estimating end-to-end performance in IP networks for data applications, International Telecommunication Union, Geneva, Switzerland (2005 November). [7] Ahmed Ait Ali, Fabien Michaut, Francis Lepage: End-to-End Available Bandwidth Measurement Tools:A Comparative Evaluation of Performances,CRAN (Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy)UMR-CNRS 7039 Appendix A Measurement Results Lumped Chirp Tests Lumped chirp test with cross traffic 5% Loss. In the first test a TCP cross traffic stream was generated by sending 50 files of size 1MB each in a loop in such way that the slow start does not become active again. A loss of 5% was set for this situation, after analyzing the behavior of TCP with ethereal we send the extended chirp over the link to estimate the un-congested bandwidth. From the graph we can see that in the start the estimations are quite high, this behavior is totally dependant on the state of TCP mechanism rather the stream is in the stable state or it is still in slow start. Following parameters were set for this experiment: Number of Lumps: 50 Maximum lump size: 7 packets Packet size: 1500 bytes Interval: 100 ms Alpha: 0.97 Links Speed: 1000 Kb/s Loss: 5 % Cross Traffic: TCP Cross traffic 50 files of 1Mb. Estimated Bandwidth versus Packet Lumps Figure.1 Results achieved by sending the extended chirp over a link of speed 1000Kb/s. The average estimated bandwidth estimated over the time interval is 1030Kb/s. Due to the loss set for the test we can easily judge that the number of observations are reduced to 34 (ideal link 45). This higher bandwidth estimation is because of the higher bandwidth calculated with the small lump sizes. This is due to the buffers present in the link which avoids the smearing effect on the packets. We have also tested the same scheme with different scenarios. The average estimated bandwidth in the case of no cross traffic or with a loss over the link is a bit higher then the actual fixed bandwidth. Just in the case of loss we get less number of estimations as loss in packet cause a drop of reading. Lumped chirp test Real links. Test 1: TNO Internal Network For this test the extended chirp was sent over the network in TNO. In this case the only thing which cane be tweaked are the parameter related to the chirp. The other factors, we do not have any idea what policies are implemented over TNO network. Following settings were used for this test. Number of Lumps: 50 Maximum lump size: 7 packets Packet size: 1500 bytes Interval: 100 ms Alpha: 0.97 Links Speed: Unknown Loss: Unknown Cross Traffic: Unknown. Estimated Bandwidth versus Packet Lumps Figure.2 Results achieved by sending the extended chirp over TNO Network. From the figure.11.2 we can see that there is a packet loss over the network as the observations for lumps are 30 (Under ideal clean link 45), and the estimation drops due to the factor of self induced congestion at higher rate. The averaged estimated un-congested bandwidth calculated over the time is 2.10 Mbs. From the figure above one can judge that there are policies imposed in between so if a certain stream of data tries to eat a bit higher part of bandwidth the router may not allow the stream to do so. Test 2: Delft -Eindhoven over the Internet For this test the extended chirp was sent the internet between Delft and Eindhoven. In this case the only thing which cane be tweaked are the parameter related to the chirp. The other factors, we do not have any idea what policies are implemented over TNO network Following parameters were set for this test: Number of Lumps: 50 Maximum lump size: 7 packets Packet size: 1500 bytes Interval: 100 ms Alpha: 0.97 Links Speed: Unknown Loss: Unknown Cross Traffic: Unknown. Estimated Bandwidth versus Packet Lumps Figure.3 Results achieved by sending the extended chirp over a link between Delft and Eindhoven. From the figure 3 we can see that there is a packet loss over the network as the observations for lumps are 32 (Under ideal clean link 45), and the estimation drops due to the factor of self induced congestion at higher rate. The averaged estimated un-congested bandwidth calculated over the time interval is 2.30 Mbs. This experiment shows the behavior same as in the case of TNO network that after some times the router doesnt allow the stream of data to eat up a larger part of the bandwidth instead restricting it to a limit. Data Chirp Tests Data chirp test with cross traffic 5% Loss. In this test a TCP cross traffic was generated over the virtual tunnel link, we wait for a while so that TCP comes out of its slow start; we send the repeated chirp to estimate the available bandwidth of the link. The following settings were used for the experiment: Number of Packets: 400 Packet size: 1500 bytes Interval: 200 ms Alpha: 0.99 Links Speed: 1000k Loss: 5% Cross Traffic: TCP Cross traffic 50 files of 5 Mb. Differential delays versus Number of Packets Figure.4. Data chirp over data link of 1000k with TCP cross traffic. The estimated available bandwidth achieved through the chirp was 839 kb/s. This behavior can be justified in a sense that when ever there is a packet loss TCP tries to re-adjust itself and releases some part of the utilizing bandwidth which is not in the case of UDP so what ever bandwidth is available UDP tries to eat it up. Data chirp test Real links. Test 1: TNO Internal Network In this experiment the repeated data chirp was sent over the network in TNO so we can only adjust the parameter related to the chirp, the other factors we do not have any idea what policies are implemented over TNO network. The following settings were used for the test: Number of Packets: 400 Packet size: 1500 bytes Interval: 200 ms Alpha: 0.99 Links Speed: Unknown Loss: Unknown Cross Traffic: Unknown. Differential Delays versus Number of Packets Figure.5. Data chirp over data link of TNO. From the figure.5 we can see that there is a packet loss over the network as the observations for number of packets is less then 400 (Under ideal clean link 400 with out loss), and the finger print does not look smooth. There are quite few excursions in the fingerprint which can be due to the underlying buffers in between the links. The available bandwidth estimated from this finger print is 491.92 kb/s. Test 2: Delft -Eindhoven over the Internet In this experiment the repeated data chirp was sent over the internet between Delft and Eindhoven. We can only tweak the parameter related to the chirp, the other factors we do not know what policies are over the internet. Number of Packets: 400 Packet size: 1500 bytes Interval: 200 ms Alpha: 0.99 Links Speed: Unknown Loss: Unknown Cross Traffic: Unknown Differential Delays versus Number of Packets Figure. 6. Data chirp over internet between Delft and Eindhoven. From the figure.6 we can see that there is a packet loss over the internet as the observations for number of packets is less then 400 (Under ideal clean link 400 with out loss), that could be due to congestion or any other factor in between. The available bandwidth obtained from this finger print is 706.60 kb/s. There are excursions present which could be due to the buffers present in the link. Performance parameters like random packet loss and congestion packet loss are calculated through the observations which are received at the receiver side. Random packet loss is calculated before the bending point and congestion packet loss is calculated after the bending point. In the following section analysis of different scenarios are discussed. First we examined a clean link with parameters: Interval 200ms, loss 5% and delay 10ms.Delay 10ms represents a small simulated network. We run the tests with varying bandwidth, loss and delay. Figure 7. Data chirp test over different links. Figure.7 shows the out come of data chirp sent over a clean simulated link with bandwidth set to 64kbps, 256 kbps, 1000 kbps and 5000kbps respectively. In above experiment we did not have any idea about the under lying buffers. After post processing we were able to extract all the kpis from the above signatures but the only thing which is noticeable here is in the figure 7(a) that the bending point comes too early rather in the start of the signature which is not good enough, one cant judge the link with the behavior of just one or two packets. This behavior is seen only in the link of 64kbps alternative to this is to increase the interval time but that doesnt give a correct estimation of the available bandwidth. We use the same scheme as mentioned earlier to estimate the un-congested bandwidth i.e. over the lump of seven packets. In the following case we put a TCP cross stream i.e. a large file download over the links to test the developed method. Figure. 8. Data chirp test over links with one TCP cross traffic. Figure.8 shows the out come of data chirp sent over simulated link with bandwidth set to 64kbps, 256kbps, 1000kbps and 5000kbps respectively and one TCP cross traffic stream. We can easily observe in the above figure that there is oscillation type behavior present. This is due to the presence of the cross traffic and underlying buffers in the link. Under this situation its not easy to extract the kpis easily. Even in the case of un-congested bandwidth the method did not works as due to the cross traffic and packet loss we were not able to receive the whole lump intact. We then modified the approach to get the un-congested as well as the available bandwidth. For Un-congested bandwidth the method was modified in a sense that instead of calculating the bandwidth over the whole lump we first find the maximum lump received and calculate the bandwidth from it and then from the rest of the readings. There was no change in the parameters for the estimation of un-congested bandwidth. This gives us a good estimation of un-congested bandwidth. To get an estimation of the available bandwidth we tweaked some of the parameter for the data chirp inter sending time between lumped chirp and data chirp was set to five seconds, Interval was set to 500ms and alpha to 0.98. Figure.9. Data chirp with Interval 500ms and alpha 0.98 over clean links. Figure. 10. Data chirp with Interval 500ms and alpha 0.98 with one TCP cross traffic. Figure 9 and 10 shows the finger print of the chirp after tweaking the parameters. It is clear from the figures that the finger print is quite clean with no oscillations present. But the problem caused by this adjustment is that the estimation achieved after post processing of the data is not accurate. The estimation achieved is quite high even then the actual bandwidth of the link. Although we were able to get the correct estimation of un-congested bandwidth this approach was not taken into consideration. The second approach which we took was smoothing of these finger prints. A window size of 25 is used where differential delays from next 25 packets are averaged and the chirp signature is smoothed. This approach was quite helpful enough in estimating available bandwidth. As those oscillation effects were removed in a good way and we were able to get the estimation correctly. This smoothing was done on the observations received with the following parameters: Interval 200ms, alpha 0.99 and inter-sending time between data chirp five second. Figure.11. Data chirp with Interval 200ms and alpha 0.99 with one TCP cross traffic after smoothing. Figure.11 shows the smoothed finger prints which are shown in figure. 8 With the use of this smoothing technique estimation can be easily done even for the links which have quite small buffers present for all these observations the buffer size was set to thirty. Low buffers will have greater impact on the finger print of the chirp so for that we have to adjust the window size accordingly. Appendix B End-to-end data Link Quality measurement Tool Revision History Version Date Changes 1.0 20.2.2007 Initial version 2.0 25.3.2007 Results. Delimitation added. Results Updated. Phasing plan. Realization Phase added. Control Plan. Time/ Capacity added. Information Updated. Quality Updated. Organisation added. 3.0 05.06.2007 Information Updated Organisation Updated Test Plan Added Introduction The developments in information technology of the last years have led to major advances in high-speed networking, multimedia capabilities for workstations and also distributed multimedia applications. In particular, multimedia applications for computer supported cooperative work have been developed that allow groups of people to exchange information and to collaborate and co-operate joint work. However, existing communication systems do not provide end-to-end guarantees for multipoint communication services which are needed by these applications. In this thesis, communication architecture is described that offers end-to-end performance guarantees in conjunction with flexible multipoint communication services. The architecture is implemented in the Multipoint Communication Framework (MCF) that extends the basic communication services of existing operating systems. It orchestrates endsystem and network resources in order to provide end-to-end performance guarantees. Furthermore, it provides multipoint communication services where participants dynamically join and leave. The communication services are implemented by protocol stacks which form a three layer hierarchy. The topmost layer is called multimedia support layer. It accesses the endsystems multimedia devices. The transport layer implements end-to-end protocol functions that are used to forward multimedia data. The lowest layer is labelled multicast adaptation layer. It interfaces to various networks and provides a multipoint-to-multipoint communication service that is used by the transport layer. Each layer contains a set of modules that implement a single protocol function. Protocol stacks are dynamically composed out of modules. Each protocol uses a single module on each layer. Applications specify their service requirements as Quality of Service (QoS) parameters. The shift from PSTN/GSM/GPRS to ADSL/Cable/WiFi/UMTS technology and the corresponding shift from telephony to multimedia services will have a big impact on how the end-to-end quality as perceived by the customer can be measured, monitored and optimized. For each service (speech / audio / text / picture / video / browsing/ file download) a different perceived quality model is needed in order to be able to predict the customer satisfaction. This project proposal focuses on an integrated approach towards the measurement of the perceived quality of interactive browsing and file downloading over a data link. Results Problem Definition: To place the overall end-to end QoS problem into perspective, it is clear that the emergence and rapid acceptance of Internet and Intranet technologies is providing commercial and military systems with the opportunity to conduct business at reduced costs and greatly increased scales. To take advantage of this opportunity, organizations are becoming, increasingly dependent on large-scale distributed systems that operate in unbounded network environments. As the value of these transactions grows, companies are beginning to seek guarantees of dependability, performance, and efficiency from their distributed application and network service providers. To provide adequate levels of service to customers, companies eventually are going to need levels of assured operations. These capabilities include policy-based prioritization of applications and users competing for system resources; guarantees of levels of provided performance, security, availability, data integrity, and disaster recovery, and adaptivity to changing load and network conditions. The problems which are faced by the networks today is that they dont provide the services which they are made for so the problem here is to set the network parameters in such a way that they give the maximum output and resources are used in a good manner. Project goal: The ultimate goal of the project is to define a measurement method, with which instantaneous insight can be created into the performance of all services that are handled carried via the link under consideration. It is clear that the operator delivering the best portfolio with the best quality for the lowest price will survive in the market. This means that an operator has to know how to set the network parameters in order to deliver the best end-to-end quality, based on the network indicators, the service characteristics and the characteristics of the end user equipment. This optimization will increase the number of new subscribers, leading to an increase in revenues. A fast, efficient method for combined data/streaming quality measurement is thus of vital importance. Results: At the end of the project the deliverables will be: A tool that will be able to test the performance as well as the status of the network. A report that shall accurately describe the processes and explain the choices made. An analysis of the results and a list of recommendations to achieve the best possible results. A presentation of the results to the TNO-ICT and ECR group at TU/e. Delimitation The project is focusing on estimation of available as well as un-congested bandwidth. So testing can only be done on the currently available networks in the company. Since this is a research activity, the approach will be based on the trial and error method. PHASING PLAN Initial phase: Nov2006 Jan 2007 During this time period focus will be given on current work going on in the market and also what kind of tools are available and can be used to develop this new method for measurement of link performance. All background and necessary knowledge will be gathered. Design phase: Feb2007-April2007 Following activities are planed after initial phase: 1) Investigation of hardware timing accuracy in order to improve measurement accuracy (find the best hardware available). 2) Creation of a test set up that allows investigating the effects of cross traffic. 3) Creation of a bearer switching like link simulator to investigate the effects of traffic channel capacity and channel capacity switching. 4) Effect of Packet loss. 5) Buffer impact measurements. The measurements will be based on simulations, results will be plotted and analysed. Preparation phase: May2007 These measurements are focused on the relation between: 1) Browsing/download times and chirp delay pattern. 2) Audio/video streaming throughput and chirp delay pattern. 3) Re-buffering, pause/play, fast forward behaviour with audio/video streaming in relation to chirp behaviour. All above mentioned observations will be made on simulated as well as real networks using the developed tool. Test Phase: June2007-August2007 The activities involved in the realization phase will be: 1) Decide upon the nature of the approach that is going to be used. 2) Generate results (Cross traffic maps). 3) Collect results and create a solid set for the evaluation. 4) Write down in the report the pros and cons of the method. 5) New set of experiments and reevaluation. 6) Discuss results with supervisors at TNO-ICT. 7) Update report with new findings. Control Plan Time/Capacity Norm Data Starting date: 01.11.2006 Completing date: 31.08.2007 Final report: Unknown yet Final presentation: Unknown yet Duration of the phases: Initiation phase: 6 (+/- 1) weeks Design phase: 14 (+/- 2) weeks Preparation phase: 2(+/-1) weeks Realization phase: 14 (+/- 2) weeks Quality: Quality of measurement approach will be discussed with supervisors at TNO-ICT. Information: Phase Output Status Literature Study Study of background research papers Done Project proposal document Done Study documentation for NS-2, TCL, Delphi Done Develop small applications in Delphi to get familiar with the tool. Make TCL scripts for Ns-2 to check behaviour of TCP. Done Experiment Setup Install Fedora 6 on Dell machine Done Recompile Linux kernel with tweaking some kernel parameters Done Install PHP GUI for network emulator Done Develop a Chirp method and implement in UDP server and client using Indy socket library in Delphi. Done Simulation and Measurement Experiment using virtual tunnel network interfaces. Do simulations to observe the behaviour of the developed method. Done Result Analysis Analyse Results achieved from experiments over Tunnel. Analyse Results over real networks. Done Documentation and Presentation First draft version in last week of july. Final version to be handed in second week of Aug. Organization: Progress Control: Frequent meetings will be arranged with the project manager to show progress of the project. Risk Analysis: Slow in implementation (lack of knowledge or un-expected errors) Get help form co-workers in the company Requirement change request from project advisor can lead to delay of designing measurement approach.

Fiction Essay Samples Are Great For Writing An Essay

<h1>Fiction Essay Samples Are Great For Writing An Essay</h1><p>Fiction paper tests are generally known as the best article help to compose when the understudy has no clue about how to set up an incredible exposition. Fiction expositions are written similarly that a conventional paper is composed. This paper can be utilized for school just as other more significant levels of training. A lion's share of secondary teachers have started to utilize these expositions just as numerous school professors.</p><p></p><p>The motivation behind this paper is to feature the perspective of the creator. It is imperative to dissect an individual's life, current conditions, and current state. At that point concoct a proposal proclamation. To provide you some insight of what the perspective will be, permit me to state that fiction may peruse as a 'smack down' to power figures. This ought to be communicated to the peruser in a diverting manner.</p><p> ;</p><p>Since the perspective ought to be reflected to the peruser, an intriguing perspective must be plot before all else. The majority of the exposition tests accompany a theme that ought to be broke down and the focuses featured. In the event that the paper is to be about an individual's history, at that point search for history books, motion pictures, or masterpieces that identify with the subject. On the off chance that the subject of the exposition is identified with recent developments, at that point that might be highlighted.</p><p></p><p>With the author of the article, it is imperative to utilize innovative intuition to make the perspective stick out. The essayist needs to compose as per the story, whether or not it is valid or not. The perspective should then be rehashed to the peruser so they can perceive any reason why the perspectives of the essayist are significant. Albeit numerous authors use verbiage and composing methods that are normal to different kinds of papers, these journalists are truly intending to show how they took the experience of the peruser into account.</p><p></p><p>Some of different strategies utilized in these papers incorporate utilizing twofold negatives and wordings to make it simple for the peruser to comprehend the essayist's perspective. Whenever the paper has two restricting perspectives, they ought to be set one next to the other. The essential technique utilized in this sort of article is to utilize various kinds of words to feature contradicting perspectives. There are likewise individuals who accept that the writer should utilize irregular words to outline their thoughts.</p><p></p><p>There are a wide range of methods that one can use to take care of business, anyway there are additionally various procedures that ought to be considered before one settles on one strategy for composing an article. These paper tests can be the best expo sition help to compose when the understudy has no clue about how to set up an extraordinary article. One ought to consider the style wherein the article is composed, where the contentions are made, and if the author is utilizing the right sentences. While it is acceptable to take a gander at the quantity of various action words and verb modifiers utilized in the article, this doesn't mirror the sentence structure of the author.</p><p></p><p>Fiction exposition tests can be an extraordinary assistance to compose when the understudy has no clue about how to set up an incredible paper. The understudy should offer idea to every one of the thoughts being introduced to them. This will permit the peruser to improve comprehension of the thoughts and feature the significant purposes of the essay.</p>

Controversial Research Essay Topics - Important Considerations When Writing Research Essays

Disputable Research Essay Topics - Important Considerations When Writing Research EssaysThere are numerous dubious research exposition themes to browse. It is imperative to pick subjects that will genuinely challenge the peruser. You should realize how to ensure that you can capitalize on your subject. Few out of every odd subject will engage everyone.Many understudies feel that composing questionable research exposition themes is excessively simple. They imagine that they simply need to ensure that they take their crowd through a story or into an anecdotal world. As a general rule, dubious research exposition themes can possibly have the option to enamor the psyches of your audience.The key to making any examination article subjects fascinating is to get a tad of this present reality into the paper. In the event that you utilize a genuine circumstance, the peruser will interface with the circumstance that you are experiencing. You will find that your crowd turns out to be increasing ly intrigued by what you are expounding on and what you are doing.If you are worried that your examination article points may be excessively dubious, you can transform them. This will permit you to turn out to be more subtle. It might likewise assist with establishing a pace for the theme. Consider how you would approach composing your essay.Your tone ought to reflect what your identity is and how you feel about the theme. Be certain that you don't sound deigning or on the off chance that you end up being belittling. By making the peruser consider things and catching wind of the issues, you will appear to be somebody who knows about the issue.Your tone should coordinate the way that you think. The inquiries that you pose to the peruser ought to consistently be thoroughly considered and truthful. On the off chance that you utilize erroneous data, you will lose the peruser's interest.Controversial examine article points can end up being fulfilling. At the point when you have composed an exposition that has evoked an emotional response from the peruser, you will find that it will be a lot simpler to persuade individuals that you realize what you are discussing. You will have an a lot simpler time persuading the perusers that you are a balanced individual.

A Guide to Essay Topics Speak Novel

<h1> A Guide to Essay Topics Speak Novel </h1> <h2> The Fight Against Essay Topics Speak Novel </h2> <p>Even in the occasion the cutoff time is tight, don't hesitate to get hold of our administrators. Instructors and educators don't wish to find that you grasp the plot of a story. Understudies have occupied existences and every now and again disregard a moving toward cutoff time. Hang the banners up around the school to get all understudies pondering the result of harassing. </p> <h2> The Essay Topics Speak Novel Game </h2> <p>you must decide it isn't right. One of without a doubt the most significant thing inside the body is the manner in which you partition it by sections. You're going to dedicate the rest of the year transforming that object into craftsmanship. Clarify the criticalness of the flight theme concerning both Sarah and Handful's lives. </p> <p>Analyze how those minutes shape the centrality of the work for an entirety. You have zero sign where to start. 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This week, Melinda chooses she's set up to move from her janitor's storeroom. </p> <h2>Getting the Best Essay Topics Speak Novel </h2> <p>At the consummation of your paper you should refer to the book as your source using MLA design. You may keep on saving your pugnacious papers for your up and coming employment portfolio on the off chance that they're profoundly reviewed. In the wake of perusing the accompanying article, you will know all that you could need to form a scholarly investigation exposition. Abstract investigation exposition is a sort of composing task that targets breaking down a touch of writing. </p> <p>These can be summarizes, explicit specifics or direct citations. Use quotes around sections which you utilize directly from the book to help your most significant thoughts. You ought to comprehend the noteworthiness of the citation that may not be obvious from the absolute first sight. 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